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Most concentrated stage on file: Manganese refining, where China holds 95%Source [1] (2024, year not stated).

This page answers: Who supplies whom with this good, which straits does it pass, and who runs short first?

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  1. Read the short version: who supplies whom, the straits it passes and who runs short first.
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Suppliers and buyers

Exhibit S-5 · Suppliers and buyers
Electric and hybrid cars (HS 870340-870380)
Trade only: customs figures of the countries on file; there is no production or consumption balance for this good.
Reading the trade figures

Shown in trade value in US dollars; volume in the unit each customs office publishes.

Items, customs offices and units are never added together.

Markets named by the importers' customs on file or by the exporter's own customs: a floor, not the full export total. Shares are of the named US dollar value; EU members inside an EU (27) row are shown but not added.

Trade only

Customs on file: the EU (27), Canada, France, Germany and Japan.

Who supplies the EU (27)

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. ChinaUS$ 13,300 million1,085,130 t · 26.5%
  2. JapanUS$ 9,227 million524,446 t · 18.4%
  3. South KoreaUS$ 7,508 million414,803 t · 15%
  4. United KingdomUS$ 7,259 million311,183 t · 14.5%
  5. TurkeyUS$ 4,903 million304,841 t · 9.78%
  6. United StatesUS$ 3,250 million130,156 t · 6.48%
  7. MexicoUS$ 2,182 million123,161 t · 4.35%
  8. South AfricaUS$ 1,336 million67,807 t · 2.67%
  9. MoroccoUS$ 870 million64,475 t · 1.74%
  10. IndiaUS$ 74.4 million5,285 t · 0.15%
Show all 87
  1. VietnamUS$ 50.1 million3,310 t · 0.1%
  2. SwitzerlandUS$ 44.7 million2,682 t · 0.09%
  3. ThailandUS$ 34.5 million3,072 t · 0.07%
  4. CanadaUS$ 17.3 million2,297 t · 0.03%
  5. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 15.4 million496 t · 0.03%
  6. NorwayUS$ 13.4 million1,252 t · 0.03%
  7. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 6.99 million201 t · 0.01%
  8. UkraineUS$ 6.59 million357 t · 0.01%
  9. AustraliaUS$ 5.95 million348 t · 0.01%
  10. GibraltarUS$ 5.52 million186 t · 0.01%
  11. IsraelUS$ 4.86 million102 t · 0.0097%
  12. AndorraUS$ 4.46 million110 t · 0.0089%
  13. TaiwanUS$ 1.98 million154 t · 0.0039%
  14. New CaledoniaUS$ 1.63 million92.6 t · 0.0032%
  15. North MacedoniaUS$ 1.5 million36 t · 0.003%
  16. French PolynesiaUS$ 1.42 million78.2 t · 0.0028%
  17. New ZealandUS$ 1.2 million127 t · 0.0024%
  18. UruguayUS$ 1.04 million69.5 t · 0.0021%
  19. BrazilUS$ 952,33254.8 t · 0.0019%
  20. MadagascarUS$ 754,96638.5 t · 0.0015%
  21. GeorgiaUS$ 638,86722 t · 0.0013%
  22. Hong KongUS$ 529,65728.2 t · 0.0011%
  23. IcelandUS$ 517,195159 t · 0.001%
  24. LiechtensteinUS$ 461,57420.3 t · 0.00092%
  25. SingaporeUS$ 459,75326.4 t · 0.00092%
  26. MoldovaUS$ 324,58713.5 t · 0.00065%
  27. QatarUS$ 279,18610.9 t · 0.00056%
  28. AzerbaijanUS$ 234,8264.88 t · 0.00047%
  29. ArgentinaUS$ 216,40211.5 t · 0.00043%
  30. Ivory CoastUS$ 211,48711.3 t · 0.00042%
  31. TunisiaUS$ 210,88211.9 t · 0.00042%
  32. SenegalUS$ 194,1099.38 t · 0.00039%
  33. JordanUS$ 192,7363.1 t · 0.00038%
  34. Faroe IslandsUS$ 186,5549.06 t · 0.00037%
  35. Bosnia and HerzegovinaUS$ 178,5128.94 t · 0.00036%
  36. MauritiusUS$ 155,5178.78 t · 0.00031%
  37. GabonUS$ 146,0276.59 t · 0.00029%
  38. MalaysiaUS$ 141,2207.52 t · 0.00028%
  39. CuraçaoUS$ 133,87914.2 t · 0.00027%
  40. IraqUS$ 118,4872.12 t · 0.00024%
  41. CambodiaUS$ 108,8855.8 t · 0.00022%
  42. OmanUS$ 102,94212.4 t · 0.0002%
  43. ChileUS$ 102,8454.52 t · 0.0002%
  44. KuwaitUS$ 96,7245.64 t · 0.00019%
  45. IndonesiaUS$ 90,8284.75 t · 0.00018%
  46. CameroonUS$ 80,5434.21 t · 0.00016%
  47. AlbaniaUS$ 76,8815.11 t · 0.00015%
  48. EgyptUS$ 74,1114.39 t · 0.00015%
  49. MontenegroUS$ 66,2695.82 t · 0.00013%
  50. GreenlandUS$ 63,5785.25 t · 0.00013%
  51. PanamaUS$ 58,3583.02 t · 0.00012%
  52. Saint Pierre and MiquelonUS$ 57,9982.88 t · 0.00012%
  53. ColombiaUS$ 57,1082.91 t · 0.00011%
  54. Dominican RepublicUS$ 56,2023.04 t · 0.00011%
  55. DjiboutiUS$ 52,9452.9 t · 0.00011%
  56. BermudaUS$ 52,2372.92 t · 0.0001%
  57. BahamasUS$ 50,9172.84 t · 0.0001%
  58. KenyaUS$ 50,3842.85 t · 0.0001%
  59. Saint BarthélemyUS$ 49,7462.78 t · 0.000099%
  60. AngolaUS$ 48,0082.48 t · 0.000096%
  61. LebanonUS$ 45,2241.38 t · 0.00009%
  62. BoliviaUS$ 36,1781.72 t · 0.000072%
  63. RussiaUS$ 32,6611.69 t · 0.000065%
  64. PhilippinesUS$ 32,3101.61 t · 0.000064%
  65. GhanaUS$ 30,5271.69 t · 0.000061%
  66. Republic of the CongoUS$ 29,1321.45 t · 0.000058%
  67. San MarinoUS$ 28,2652.05 t · 0.000056%
  68. UzbekistanUS$ 27,9631.78 t · 0.000056%
  69. BeninUS$ 27,5091.45 t · 0.000055%
  70. BurundiUS$ 27,4751.48 t · 0.000055%
  71. VanuatuUS$ 26,0491.46 t · 0.000052%
  72. ParaguayUS$ 25,1481.47 t · 0.00005%
  73. NigeriaUS$ 24,6411.39 t · 0.000049%
  74. North KoreaUS$ 11,2261.76 t · 0.000022%
  75. TokelauUS$ 4,1531.5 t · 0.000008%
  76. Saint Kitts and NevisUS$ 3,8071.43 t · 0.000008%
  77. NamibiaUS$ 1960.02 t · 0%

Source: Eurostat

Who supplies Canada

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. United StatesUS$ 2,852 million82,975 units · 26.8%
  2. South KoreaUS$ 2,350 million80,883 units · 22.1%
  3. JapanUS$ 2,040 million72,710 units · 19.2%
  4. GermanyUS$ 1,287 million26,703 units · 12.1%
  5. MexicoUS$ 914 million26,186 units · 8.6%
  6. United KingdomUS$ 392 million6,866 units · 3.69%
  7. SlovakiaUS$ 333 million5,985 units · 3.14%
  8. SwedenUS$ 168 million3,909 units · 1.58%
  9. ItalyUS$ 166 million2,631 units · 1.56%
  10. BelgiumUS$ 64.3 million1,626 units · 0.61%
Show all 19
  1. VietnamUS$ 33.8 million817 units · 0.32%
  2. ChinaUS$ 23.7 million589 units · 0.22%
  3. CroatiaUS$ 2.14 million1 units · 0.02%
  4. NetherlandsUS$ 207,0982 units · 0.0019%
  5. PortugalUS$ 180,9982 units · 0.0017%
  6. AustriaUS$ 115,6373 units · 0.0011%
  7. FranceUS$ 36,9801 units · 0.00035%
  8. LatviaUS$ 24,0812 units · 0.00023%
  9. IndiaUS$ 12,5201 units · 0.00012%

Source: Statistics Canada

Who supplies France

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. TurkeyUS$ 954 million64,962 t · 34.9%
  2. South KoreaUS$ 783 million46,395 t · 28.6%
  3. MoroccoUS$ 398 million30,714 t · 14.5%
  4. ChinaUS$ 372 million32,377 t · 13.6%
  5. United KingdomUS$ 110 million3,809 t · 4.03%
  6. JapanUS$ 74 million4,260 t · 2.7%
  7. SwitzerlandUS$ 11.6 million479 t · 0.42%
  8. United StatesUS$ 9.22 million513 t · 0.34%
  9. AustraliaUS$ 5.85 million327 t · 0.21%
  10. CanadaUS$ 4.9 million273 t · 0.18%
Show all 61
  1. AndorraUS$ 2.33 million55.3 t · 0.08%
  2. MexicoUS$ 1.76 million89.4 t · 0.06%
  3. New CaledoniaUS$ 1.63 million92.6 t · 0.06%
  4. French PolynesiaUS$ 1.42 million78.2 t · 0.05%
  5. UruguayUS$ 983,04062.7 t · 0.04%
  6. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 945,83349.8 t · 0.03%
  7. MadagascarUS$ 754,96638.5 t · 0.03%
  8. VietnamUS$ 593,96637.4 t · 0.02%
  9. Hong KongUS$ 511,31524.5 t · 0.02%
  10. SingaporeUS$ 422,90721.3 t · 0.02%
  11. New ZealandUS$ 414,89623.6 t · 0.02%
  12. ThailandUS$ 395,55621 t · 0.01%
  13. ArgentinaUS$ 216,40211.5 t · 0.0079%
  14. BrazilUS$ 212,58011.8 t · 0.0078%
  15. Ivory CoastUS$ 211,48711.3 t · 0.0077%
  16. QatarUS$ 198,7729.4 t · 0.0073%
  17. MauritiusUS$ 155,5178.78 t · 0.0057%
  18. GabonUS$ 146,0276.59 t · 0.0053%
  19. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 113,9646.03 t · 0.0042%
  20. CambodiaUS$ 108,8855.8 t · 0.004%
  21. SenegalUS$ 102,2405.73 t · 0.0037%
  22. MalaysiaUS$ 100,6935.67 t · 0.0037%
  23. KuwaitUS$ 96,7245.64 t · 0.0035%
  24. IndonesiaUS$ 87,6794.43 t · 0.0032%
  25. TunisiaUS$ 87,0785.83 t · 0.0032%
  26. NorwayUS$ 68,8646.14 t · 0.0025%
  27. PanamaUS$ 58,3583.02 t · 0.0021%
  28. Saint Pierre and MiquelonUS$ 57,9982.88 t · 0.0021%
  29. ColombiaUS$ 57,1082.91 t · 0.0021%
  30. IcelandUS$ 56,8152.89 t · 0.0021%
  31. Dominican RepublicUS$ 56,2023.04 t · 0.0021%
  32. DjiboutiUS$ 52,9452.9 t · 0.0019%
  33. BermudaUS$ 52,2372.92 t · 0.0019%
  34. CameroonUS$ 51,1392.83 t · 0.0019%
  35. BahamasUS$ 50,9172.84 t · 0.0019%
  36. KenyaUS$ 50,3842.85 t · 0.0018%
  37. GeorgiaUS$ 39,6941.7 t · 0.0014%
  38. South AfricaUS$ 36,5121.72 t · 0.0013%
  39. IndiaUS$ 36,4571.94 t · 0.0013%
  40. BoliviaUS$ 36,1781.72 t · 0.0013%
  41. ChileUS$ 35,4491.72 t · 0.0013%
  42. PhilippinesUS$ 32,3101.61 t · 0.0012%
  43. GhanaUS$ 30,5271.69 t · 0.0011%
  44. Republic of the CongoUS$ 29,1321.45 t · 0.0011%
  45. IsraelUS$ 28,6811.45 t · 0.001%
  46. BeninUS$ 27,5091.45 t · 0.001%
  47. BurundiUS$ 27,4751.48 t · 0.001%
  48. VanuatuUS$ 26,0491.46 t · 0.00095%
  49. TaiwanUS$ 25,6311.43 t · 0.00094%
  50. ParaguayUS$ 25,1481.47 t · 0.00092%
  51. NigeriaUS$ 24,6411.39 t · 0.0009%

Source: Eurostat

Who supplies Germany

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. United StatesUS$ 2,435 million91,383 t · 24.6%
  2. MexicoUS$ 2,061 million117,068 t · 20.8%
  3. South KoreaUS$ 1,493 million76,445 t · 15.1%
  4. ChinaUS$ 1,483 million114,878 t · 15%
  5. United KingdomUS$ 1,397 million29,991 t · 14.1%
  6. South AfricaUS$ 903 million44,615 t · 9.11%
  7. TurkeyUS$ 98.1 million5,648 t · 0.99%
  8. SwitzerlandUS$ 15.8 million781 t · 0.16%
  9. JapanUS$ 8.95 million598 t · 0.09%
  10. ThailandUS$ 5.24 million469 t · 0.05%
Show all 31
  1. IsraelUS$ 4.23 million81.7 t · 0.04%
  2. CanadaUS$ 2.99 million230 t · 0.03%
  3. NorwayUS$ 2.23 million129 t · 0.02%
  4. IndiaUS$ 1.89 million103 t · 0.02%
  5. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 1.59 million32.2 t · 0.02%
  6. North MacedoniaUS$ 1.06 million26 t · 0.01%
  7. VietnamUS$ 802,67143.7 t · 0.0081%
  8. TaiwanUS$ 333,3367.79 t · 0.0034%
  9. GeorgiaUS$ 221,0326.37 t · 0.0022%
  10. AndorraUS$ 220,2933.5 t · 0.0022%
  11. AzerbaijanUS$ 204,8653.52 t · 0.0021%
  12. BrazilUS$ 146,9937.96 t · 0.0015%
  13. IraqUS$ 118,4872.12 t · 0.0012%
  14. UkraineUS$ 74,39712.1 t · 0.00075%
  15. TunisiaUS$ 70,7763.27 t · 0.00071%
  16. IcelandUS$ 70,03721.1 t · 0.00071%
  17. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 65,8783.23 t · 0.00066%
  18. MoroccoUS$ 43,9032.89 t · 0.00044%
  19. San MarinoUS$ 28,2652.05 t · 0.00028%
  20. EgyptUS$ 18,0901.03 t · 0.00018%
  21. AustraliaUS$ 5,3881.5 t · 0.000054%

Source: Eurostat

Who supplies Japan

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. ChinaUS$ 815 million28,850 units · 28%
  2. GermanyUS$ 745 million16,523 units · 25.6%
  3. ItalyUS$ 519 million2,583 units · 17.8%
  4. ThailandUS$ 198 million8,660 units · 6.82%
  5. United KingdomUS$ 149 million1,335 units · 5.14%
  6. United StatesUS$ 77 million733 units · 2.65%
  7. SlovakiaUS$ 64.2 million1,717 units · 2.21%
  8. FranceUS$ 63.5 million2,833 units · 2.18%
  9. PolandUS$ 56.2 million2,617 units · 1.93%
  10. SpainUS$ 47 million2,526 units · 1.62%
Show all 31
  1. SwedenUS$ 38.4 million665 units · 1.32%
  2. AustriaUS$ 34.9 million269 units · 1.2%
  3. South KoreaUS$ 19.9 million1,166 units · 0.68%
  4. BelgiumUS$ 14.9 million359 units · 0.51%
  5. IndiaUS$ 13.6 million330 units · 0.47%
  6. South AfricaUS$ 11.5 million221 units · 0.4%
  7. TurkeyUS$ 9.91 million470 units · 0.34%
  8. CroatiaUS$ 9.76 million4 units · 0.34%
  9. HungaryUS$ 8.37 million216 units · 0.29%
  10. MexicoUS$ 2.97 million75 units · 0.1%
  11. FinlandUS$ 2.55 million17 units · 0.09%
  12. MalaysiaUS$ 1.35 million32 units · 0.05%
  13. IndonesiaUS$ 1.17 million30 units · 0.04%
  14. CanadaUS$ 981,62316 units · 0.03%
  15. TaiwanUS$ 680,92528 units · 0.02%
  16. BrazilUS$ 180,2525 units · 0.0062%
  17. PortugalUS$ 157,6804 units · 0.0054%
  18. Czech RepublicUS$ 117,3842 units · 0.004%
  19. AustraliaUS$ 79,6762 units · 0.0027%
  20. PakistanUS$ 78,5865 units · 0.0027%
  21. Sri LankaUS$ 26,3561 units · 0.00091%

Source: Ministry of Finance Japan / e-Stat

Who buys from the EU (27)

Not on file.

Who buys from Canada

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of the buyer's imports

  1. United StatesUS$ 5,601 million208,758 units
  2. IsraelUS$ 54.8 million7,479 units
  3. MexicoUS$ 51.5 million1,202 units
  4. LithuaniaUS$ 12.6 million1,496 units
  5. NetherlandsUS$ 7.86 million734 units
  6. GeorgiaUS$ 5.48 million315 units
  7. BelgiumUS$ 4.06 million355 units
  8. IcelandUS$ 3.77 million479 units
  9. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 3.65 million193 units
  10. PolandUS$ 2.78 million207 units
Show all 74
  1. NorwayUS$ 2.21 million302 units
  2. KazakhstanUS$ 1.64 million116 units
  3. ChinaUS$ 1.1 million152 units
  4. NigeriaUS$ 1.02 million10 units
  5. JordanUS$ 974,592102 units
  6. Sri LankaUS$ 598,38784 units
  7. PhilippinesUS$ 529,32120 units
  8. Czech RepublicUS$ 475,79325 units
  9. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 416,75952 units
  10. BeninUS$ 410,28718 units
  11. KyrgyzstanUS$ 402,87639 units
  12. AlbaniaUS$ 382,49330 units
  13. TurkeyUS$ 318,74817 units
  14. MauritaniaUS$ 316,00024 units
  15. VenezuelaUS$ 311,3764 units
  16. MoroccoUS$ 294,50924 units
  17. UkraineUS$ 292,98929 units
  18. EgyptUS$ 292,86341 units
  19. United KingdomUS$ 265,52528 units
  20. South KoreaUS$ 253,21029 units
  21. TogoUS$ 249,62518 units
  22. DjiboutiUS$ 239,10614 units
  23. LebanonUS$ 225,72915 units
  24. BulgariaUS$ 216,26418 units
  25. ArgentinaUS$ 211,12529 units
  26. AlgeriaUS$ 193,8722 units
  27. SpainUS$ 180,49314 units
  28. GhanaUS$ 177,0999 units
  29. SenegalUS$ 165,67113 units
  30. Dominican RepublicUS$ 161,90611 units
  31. QatarUS$ 152,52621 units
  32. GuineaUS$ 142,5849 units
  33. TaiwanUS$ 120,2321 units
  34. MadagascarUS$ 119,0832 units
  35. Burkina FasoUS$ 102,4724 units
  36. TunisiaUS$ 99,1204 units
  37. Cayman IslandsUS$ 91,48813 units
  38. UgandaUS$ 82,65911 units
  39. ArubaUS$ 79,36310 units
  40. Ivory CoastUS$ 77,9844 units
  41. MongoliaUS$ 73,1982 units
  42. LatviaUS$ 72,7179 units
  43. RwandaUS$ 68,4185 units
  44. ArmeniaUS$ 67,6805 units
  45. RomaniaUS$ 66,0099 units
  46. LibyaUS$ 63,9381 units
  47. FinlandUS$ 48,4111 units
  48. IraqUS$ 45,8033 units
  49. BoliviaUS$ 39,2645 units
  50. New ZealandUS$ 35,7831 units
  51. Sierra LeoneUS$ 35,1441 units
  52. ItalyUS$ 33,2141 units
  53. AustraliaUS$ 29,0281 units
  54. JamaicaUS$ 28,6272 units
  55. MontenegroUS$ 26,6622 units
  56. IrelandUS$ 25,0483 units
  57. PortugalUS$ 24,1383 units
  58. CroatiaUS$ 23,6172 units
  59. GreeceUS$ 23,6171 units
  60. BahamasUS$ 17,4562 units
  61. AzerbaijanUS$ 13,4362 units
  62. GabonUS$ 8,5490 units
  63. MoldovaUS$ 3,5780 units
  64. ChileUS$ 3,0040 units

Source: Statistics Canada

Who buys from France

Not on file.

Who buys from Germany

Not on file.

Who buys from Japan

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of the buyer's imports

  1. United StatesUS$ 13,652 million471,042 units
  2. ChinaUS$ 3,205 million79,690 units
  3. AustraliaUS$ 3,081 million147,723 units
  4. United KingdomUS$ 1,710 million67,549 units
  5. PolandUS$ 1,638 million53,638 units
  6. BelgiumUS$ 1,418 million56,615 units
  7. TaiwanUS$ 1,180 million35,885 units
  8. SpainUS$ 1,001 million32,972 units
  9. South KoreaUS$ 782 million28,015 units
  10. New ZealandUS$ 632 million60,372 units
Show all 163
  1. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 566 million91,231 units
  2. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 556 million28,422 units
  3. ItalyUS$ 520 million18,865 units
  4. NetherlandsUS$ 505 million15,601 units
  5. TurkeyUS$ 451 million24,474 units
  6. MexicoUS$ 443 million18,538 units
  7. ThailandUS$ 439 million18,742 units
  8. Sri LankaUS$ 402 million19,337 units
  9. MongoliaUS$ 372 million55,664 units
  10. IsraelUS$ 328 million18,656 units
  11. SwedenUS$ 304 million11,154 units
  12. IrelandUS$ 290 million18,468 units
  13. IndonesiaUS$ 248 million5,543 units
  14. SingaporeUS$ 247 million9,324 units
  15. BangladeshUS$ 236 million15,464 units
  16. UkraineUS$ 199 million7,554 units
  17. SwitzerlandUS$ 194 million5,078 units
  18. CyprusUS$ 189 million15,147 units
  19. Hong KongUS$ 174 million8,609 units
  20. AustriaUS$ 165 million4,920 units
  21. BrazilUS$ 163 million6,487 units
  22. NorwayUS$ 158 million5,266 units
  23. EstoniaUS$ 148 million5,543 units
  24. IndiaUS$ 140 million3,245 units
  25. PhilippinesUS$ 140 million4,768 units
  26. RomaniaUS$ 130 million4,233 units
  27. ColombiaUS$ 126 million4,770 units
  28. JordanUS$ 121 million3,329 units
  29. MauritiusUS$ 111 million8,343 units
  30. Puerto RicoUS$ 111 million3,404 units
  31. IraqUS$ 106 million2,181 units
  32. QatarUS$ 104 million1,826 units
  33. VietnamUS$ 100 million1,817 units
  34. FinlandUS$ 99.2 million3,189 units
  35. GeorgiaUS$ 96.9 million12,261 units
  36. Trinidad and TobagoUS$ 95.4 million5,570 units
  37. KenyaUS$ 94.1 million13,916 units
  38. PortugalUS$ 84.6 million3,037 units
  39. SloveniaUS$ 82.2 million3,279 units
  40. DenmarkUS$ 70.8 million2,768 units
  41. GreeceUS$ 63.5 million2,988 units
  42. South AfricaUS$ 62.9 million8,569 units
  43. ChileUS$ 60.8 million4,108 units
  44. JamaicaUS$ 59.3 million7,360 units
  45. BulgariaUS$ 54.7 million1,824 units
  46. KazakhstanUS$ 54.3 million1,937 units
  47. MalaysiaUS$ 52.9 million1,416 units
  48. BarbadosUS$ 51.8 million3,505 units
  49. ArgentinaUS$ 49.5 million1,797 units
  50. LebanonUS$ 49.3 million1,376 units
  51. GuatemalaUS$ 45.5 million1,323 units
  52. YemenUS$ 43.7 million809 units
  53. Costa RicaUS$ 39.7 million1,364 units
  54. BahrainUS$ 32.8 million734 units
  55. IcelandUS$ 31.9 million1,022 units
  56. CambodiaUS$ 29.2 million1,404 units
  57. PeruUS$ 27.6 million929 units
  58. KuwaitUS$ 24.9 million844 units
  59. Dominican RepublicUS$ 24.5 million679 units
  60. MoroccoUS$ 23.4 million901 units
  61. TanzaniaUS$ 22.1 million5,412 units
  62. PakistanUS$ 20.9 million2,868 units
  63. Czech RepublicUS$ 19.3 million471 units
  64. EcuadorUS$ 19.1 million799 units
  65. OmanUS$ 18.3 million530 units
  66. TunisiaUS$ 18.3 million946 units
  67. ZimbabweUS$ 17.4 million4,104 units
  68. RéunionUS$ 16.6 million739 units
  69. EgyptUS$ 16.5 million543 units
  70. PanamaUS$ 16.5 million462 units
  71. ParaguayUS$ 15.5 million465 units
  72. MacauUS$ 14.9 million603 units
  73. GrenadaUS$ 13.1 million1,553 units
  74. Saint LuciaUS$ 12.5 million1,537 units
  75. TurkmenistanUS$ 12.2 million405 units
  76. BahamasUS$ 10.8 million1,616 units
  77. Cayman IslandsUS$ 9.64 million1,057 units
  78. UzbekistanUS$ 8.64 million233 units
  79. HungaryUS$ 7.83 million196 units
  80. French PolynesiaUS$ 6.66 million338 units
  81. MaltaUS$ 6.64 million533 units
  82. UruguayUS$ 6.37 million240 units
  83. SurinameUS$ 6.2 million855 units
  84. KyrgyzstanUS$ 5.52 million306 units
  85. LaosUS$ 4.71 million97 units
  86. FijiUS$ 3.88 million642 units
  87. SlovakiaUS$ 3.5 million80 units
  88. UgandaUS$ 3.46 million628 units
  89. NicaraguaUS$ 3.45 million111 units
  90. BruneiUS$ 3.28 million137 units
  91. El SalvadorUS$ 3.25 million113 units
  92. TajikistanUS$ 3.24 million87 units
  93. GuyanaUS$ 3.23 million478 units
  94. BurmaUS$ 2.97 million2,052 units
  95. CroatiaUS$ 2.84 million77 units
  96. French GuianaUS$ 2.59 million97 units
  97. MalawiUS$ 2.54 million695 units
  98. BoliviaUS$ 2.45 million50 units
  99. GuamUS$ 2.44 million75 units
  100. MaldivesUS$ 2.44 million443 units
  101. New CaledoniaUS$ 2.1 million111 units
  102. Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesUS$ 1.95 million239 units
  103. HondurasUS$ 1.8 million64 units
  104. BhutanUS$ 1.69 million76 units
  105. ZambiaUS$ 1.19 million239 units
  106. GhanaUS$ 975,532331 units
  107. GibraltarUS$ 973,98150 units
  108. SeychellesUS$ 931,31843 units
  109. SerbiaUS$ 809,48135 units
  110. MozambiqueUS$ 740,236232 units
  111. NepalUS$ 679,18730 units
  112. Antigua and BarbudaUS$ 649,34199 units
  113. MontserratUS$ 631,182102 units
  114. DR CongoUS$ 597,552132 units
  115. Saint Kitts and NevisUS$ 422,22860 units
  116. DominicaUS$ 354,80754 units
  117. SamoaUS$ 351,77898 units
  118. NamibiaUS$ 325,155148 units
  119. BermudaUS$ 312,86613 units
  120. LesothoUS$ 284,411205 units
  121. BurundiUS$ 274,20972 units
  122. Turks and Caicos IslandsUS$ 256,87926 units
  123. AnguillaUS$ 240,29139 units
  124. East TimorUS$ 229,45319 units
  125. BotswanaUS$ 203,291105 units
  126. MicronesiaUS$ 168,71939 units
  127. TongaUS$ 141,46032 units
  128. Papua New GuineaUS$ 132,40119 units
  129. Northern Mariana IslandsUS$ 77,1022 units
  130. KiribatiUS$ 75,35013 units
  131. North MacedoniaUS$ 65,3683 units
  132. PalauUS$ 61,6778 units
  133. CameroonUS$ 55,46013 units
  134. Cook IslandsUS$ 55,41911 units
  135. NigeriaUS$ 49,61614 units
  136. RwandaUS$ 40,5775 units
  137. ArmeniaUS$ 39,7619 units
  138. Solomon IslandsUS$ 29,0574 units
  139. British Virgin IslandsUS$ 25,8149 units
  140. SwazilandUS$ 25,1128 units
  141. SenegalUS$ 23,7686 units
  142. LithuaniaUS$ 19,9772 units
  143. MaliUS$ 19,9176 units
  144. SomaliaUS$ 19,5901 units
  145. Burkina FasoUS$ 14,9162 units
  146. GuineaUS$ 12,3356 units
  147. GabonUS$ 10,7512 units
  148. SyriaUS$ 9,6282 units
  149. Saint HelenaUS$ 8,9391 units
  150. NiueUS$ 7,7492 units
  151. Bosnia and HerzegovinaUS$ 7,2882 units
  152. BeninUS$ 5,8103 units
  153. South SudanUS$ 3,1691 units

Source: Ministry of Finance Japan / e-Stat

SourceEurostat (CC BY 4.0; commercial reuse allowed with source credit.); Statistics Canada (Statistics Canada Open Licence: commercial and non-commercial use with credit.); Ministry of Finance Japan / e-Stat (Government of Japan Standard Terms of Use 2.0, compatible with CC BY 4.0.).Reading this plateEach list is one customs office's own figures for the latest period on file, largest value first. The EU (27) row and its members' rows are separate lists, never added.
Exhibit S-5 · Electric cars and batteries · strature.net
Exhibit S-6 · Suppliers and buyers
Lithium-ion cells and packs (HS 850760)
Trade only: customs figures of the countries on file; there is no production or consumption balance for this good.
Reading the trade figures

Shown in trade value in US dollars; volume in the unit each customs office publishes.

Items, customs offices and units are never added together.

Markets named by the importers' customs on file or by the exporter's own customs: a floor, not the full export total. Shares are of the named US dollar value; EU members inside an EU (27) row are shown but not added.

Trade only

Customs on file: the EU (27), Canada, France, Germany and Japan.

Who supplies the EU (27)

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. ChinaUS$ 29,005 million1,522,031 t · 90%
  2. JapanUS$ 742 million17,521 t · 2.3%
  3. United StatesUS$ 645 million19,413 t · 2%
  4. South KoreaUS$ 420 million11,353 t · 1.3%
  5. Hong KongUS$ 311 million12,815 t · 0.97%
  6. VietnamUS$ 282 million14,925 t · 0.87%
  7. MalaysiaUS$ 141 million3,396 t · 0.44%
  8. United KingdomUS$ 134 million3,404 t · 0.42%
  9. TaiwanUS$ 122 million1,738 t · 0.38%
  10. SwitzerlandUS$ 103 million1,084 t · 0.32%
Show all 102
  1. SingaporeUS$ 56.8 million2,348 t · 0.18%
  2. NorwayUS$ 54.6 million1,832 t · 0.17%
  3. IsraelUS$ 52.5 million1,949 t · 0.16%
  4. PhilippinesUS$ 34.2 million826 t · 0.11%
  5. TurkeyUS$ 24.5 million743 t · 0.08%
  6. MexicoUS$ 21.2 million194 t · 0.07%
  7. IndiaUS$ 15.6 million303 t · 0.05%
  8. IndonesiaUS$ 13.8 million134 t · 0.04%
  9. ColombiaUS$ 10.5 million612 t · 0.03%
  10. North MacedoniaUS$ 8.17 million122 t · 0.03%
  11. CanadaUS$ 3.27 million27.5 t · 0.01%
  12. MoroccoUS$ 2.54 million51.6 t · 0.0079%
  13. ThailandUS$ 2.25 million14.5 t · 0.007%
  14. UkraineUS$ 2.09 million53.8 t · 0.0065%
  15. AustraliaUS$ 1.75 million20.8 t · 0.0054%
  16. South AfricaUS$ 1.74 million87.6 t · 0.0054%
  17. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 891,81836.4 t · 0.0028%
  18. EgyptUS$ 624,228145 t · 0.0019%
  19. ChileUS$ 609,93810.8 t · 0.0019%
  20. UruguayUS$ 461,9470.44 t · 0.0014%
  21. TunisiaUS$ 342,5673.6 t · 0.0011%
  22. New ZealandUS$ 341,5890.9 t · 0.0011%
  23. AndorraUS$ 299,98918.2 t · 0.00093%
  24. LebanonUS$ 202,64513 t · 0.00063%
  25. Costa RicaUS$ 193,4810.99 t · 0.0006%
  26. British Virgin IslandsUS$ 165,8821.41 t · 0.00052%
  27. IcelandUS$ 144,93211.1 t · 0.00045%
  28. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 112,5550.07 t · 0.00035%
  29. KenyaUS$ 94,0650.07 t · 0.00029%
  30. CambodiaUS$ 83,4646.85 t · 0.00026%
  31. BrazilUS$ 72,4231.53 t · 0.00022%
  32. LiechtensteinUS$ 58,6630.6 t · 0.00018%
  33. PanamaUS$ 39,5110.81 t · 0.00012%
  34. MauritiusUS$ 37,7170.93 t · 0.00012%
  35. US Virgin IslandsUS$ 32,3750.35 t · 0.0001%
  36. RwandaUS$ 25,3190.03 t · 0.000079%
  37. PakistanUS$ 23,8860.05 t · 0.000074%
  38. Bosnia and HerzegovinaUS$ 18,2510.35 t · 0.000057%
  39. Faroe IslandsUS$ 17,2550.09 t · 0.000054%
  40. MontenegroUS$ 14,9870.36 t · 0.000047%
  41. LibyaUS$ 11,5420.2 t · 0.000036%
  42. MoldovaUS$ 11,2550.18 t · 0.000035%
  43. UzbekistanUS$ 10,7680.05 t · 0.000033%
  44. KuwaitUS$ 10,2421.41 t · 0.000032%
  45. PeruUS$ 10,0920.009 t · 0.000031%
  46. BahrainUS$ 6,8590.2 t · 0.000021%
  47. QatarUS$ 6,8040.13 t · 0.000021%
  48. IraqUS$ 6,7730.54 t · 0.000021%
  49. RussiaUS$ 5,7540.01 t · 0.000018%
  50. TurkmenistanUS$ 5,6510.05 t · 0.000018%
  51. SenegalUS$ 5,5700.14 t · 0.000017%
  52. BangladeshUS$ 3,4270.003 t · 0.000011%
  53. KazakhstanUS$ 3,0970.02 t · 0.00001%
  54. CameroonUS$ 2,9600.001 t · 0.000009%
  55. ArubaUS$ 2,3740.001 t · 0.000007%
  56. ArgentinaUS$ 2,1970.02 t · 0.000007%
  57. Vatican CityUS$ 1,9560.02 t · 0.000006%
  58. CuraçaoUS$ 1,8120.07 t · 0.000006%
  59. LaosUS$ 1,3900.009 t · 0.000004%
  60. GibraltarUS$ 1,3020.05 t · 0.000004%
  61. TajikistanUS$ 1,2950.002 t · 0.000004%
  62. SwazilandUS$ 1,2470.006 t · 0.000004%
  63. Ivory CoastUS$ 1,0570.26 t · 0.000003%
  64. GreenlandUS$ 9790.03 t · 0.000003%
  65. JordanUS$ 7740.02 t · 0.000002%
  66. VenezuelaUS$ 7740.009 t · 0.000002%
  67. Papua New GuineaUS$ 7370.002 t · 0.000002%
  68. OmanUS$ 6940.02 t · 0.000002%
  69. SudanUS$ 5900.000002%
  70. NepalUS$ 5720.001 t · 0.000002%
  71. NicaraguaUS$ 5590.03 t · 0.000002%
  72. BahamasUS$ 5170.01 t · 0.000002%
  73. Trinidad and TobagoUS$ 4900.005 t · 0.000002%
  74. NigeriaUS$ 4750.005 t · 0.000001%
  75. French PolynesiaUS$ 4440.004 t · 0.000001%
  76. AfghanistanUS$ 3230.002 t · 0.000001%
  77. MaliUS$ 3010.000001%
  78. GhanaUS$ 2790.02 t · 0.000001%
  79. JamaicaUS$ 2710.01 t · 0.000001%
  80. Sint MaartenUS$ 2490.007 t · 0.000001%
  81. AlbaniaUS$ 2090.01 t · 0.000001%
  82. Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesUS$ 2000.002 t · 0.000001%
  83. SurinameUS$ 1580.001 t · 0%
  84. GuyanaUS$ 1470.001 t · 0%
  85. Saint Kitts and NevisUS$ 1030.001 t · 0%
  86. San MarinoUS$ 720.002 t · 0%
  87. GuamUS$ 610.002 t · 0%
  88. FijiUS$ 460.001 t · 0%
  89. ChadUS$ 250.001 t · 0%
  90. Dominican RepublicUS$ 140.002 t · 0%
  91. HondurasUS$ 10.001 t · 0%
  92. MadagascarUS$ 10.002 t · 0%

Source: Eurostat

Who supplies Canada

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. United StatesUS$ 597 million337,064 units · 38.6%
  2. ChinaUS$ 535 million7,468,099 units · 34.6%
  3. PolandUS$ 137 million2,434,683 units · 8.88%
  4. HungaryUS$ 70.6 million67,680 units · 4.57%
  5. MalaysiaUS$ 62.3 million775,530 units · 4.03%
  6. South KoreaUS$ 23 million82,044 units · 1.48%
  7. TaiwanUS$ 20.6 million3,318,546 units · 1.33%
  8. MexicoUS$ 19.1 million225,981 units · 1.24%
  9. GermanyUS$ 18.6 million31,047 units · 1.2%
  10. JapanUS$ 15.8 million119,064 units · 1.02%
Show all 65
  1. VietnamUS$ 6.86 million175,413 units · 0.44%
  2. SwedenUS$ 4.77 million6,287 units · 0.31%
  3. FranceUS$ 4.76 million5,982 units · 0.31%
  4. Hong KongUS$ 4.57 million35,753 units · 0.3%
  5. PhilippinesUS$ 4.57 million34,815 units · 0.3%
  6. Czech RepublicUS$ 4.03 million6,346 units · 0.26%
  7. FinlandUS$ 2.6 million88 units · 0.17%
  8. NorwayUS$ 2.28 million1,057 units · 0.15%
  9. SingaporeUS$ 2.07 million129,338 units · 0.13%
  10. United KingdomUS$ 1.9 million2,279 units · 0.12%
  11. SwitzerlandUS$ 1.51 million4,869 units · 0.1%
  12. ItalyUS$ 1.07 million2,376 units · 0.07%
  13. IndonesiaUS$ 788,55748,196 units · 0.05%
  14. AustriaUS$ 765,68610,143 units · 0.05%
  15. IsraelUS$ 430,0446,163 units · 0.03%
  16. AustraliaUS$ 339,1201,284 units · 0.02%
  17. SpainUS$ 293,156193 units · 0.02%
  18. DenmarkUS$ 230,39115,247 units · 0.01%
  19. ThailandUS$ 230,351813 units · 0.01%
  20. RomaniaUS$ 201,8971,913 units · 0.01%
  21. NetherlandsUS$ 186,947413 units · 0.01%
  22. EstoniaUS$ 160,926224 units · 0.01%
  23. GreeceUS$ 125,20869 units · 0.0081%
  24. LithuaniaUS$ 117,314100 units · 0.0076%
  25. IrelandUS$ 97,732192 units · 0.0063%
  26. CroatiaUS$ 93,48144 units · 0.006%
  27. LaosUS$ 82,7342,782 units · 0.0053%
  28. Costa RicaUS$ 71,601125 units · 0.0046%
  29. IndiaUS$ 64,931983 units · 0.0042%
  30. BelgiumUS$ 64,84416 units · 0.0042%
  31. New ZealandUS$ 40,028916 units · 0.0026%
  32. BurmaUS$ 25,125152 units · 0.0016%
  33. LatviaUS$ 12,04195 units · 0.00078%
  34. North MacedoniaUS$ 7,43819 units · 0.00048%
  35. BulgariaUS$ 6,02319 units · 0.00039%
  36. AfghanistanUS$ 3,53125 units · 0.00023%
  37. SlovakiaUS$ 3,43853 units · 0.00022%
  38. TurkeyUS$ 2,35037 units · 0.00015%
  39. SloveniaUS$ 1,93117 units · 0.00013%
  40. SwazilandUS$ 1,74715 units · 0.00011%
  41. MaltaUS$ 65612 units · 0.000042%
  42. PortugalUS$ 64011 units · 0.000041%
  43. SerbiaUS$ 61861 units · 0.00004%
  44. Dominican RepublicUS$ 56411 units · 0.000036%
  45. Guinea-BissauUS$ 5222 units · 0.000034%
  46. MoroccoUS$ 3231 units · 0.000021%
  47. BrazilUS$ 2663 units · 0.000017%
  48. US Minor Outlying IslandsUS$ 23835 units · 0.000015%
  49. KazakhstanUS$ 1851 units · 0.000012%
  50. VenezuelaUS$ 391 units · 0.000003%
  51. TunisiaUS$ 276 units · 0.000002%
  52. PakistanUS$ 251 units · 0.000002%
  53. BangladeshUS$ 201 units · 0.000001%
  54. CambodiaUS$ 202 units · 0.000001%
  55. IranUS$ 191 units · 0.000001%

Source: Statistics Canada

Who supplies France

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. ChinaUS$ 1,718 million77,854 t · 82.5%
  2. JapanUS$ 242 million5,751 t · 11.6%
  3. South KoreaUS$ 51.6 million1,343 t · 2.48%
  4. United KingdomUS$ 31.5 million971 t · 1.51%
  5. United StatesUS$ 14.2 million119 t · 0.68%
  6. Hong KongUS$ 6.61 million236 t · 0.32%
  7. TaiwanUS$ 5.66 million62.7 t · 0.27%
  8. VietnamUS$ 3.35 million104 t · 0.16%
  9. SwitzerlandUS$ 2.21 million40.4 t · 0.11%
  10. MoroccoUS$ 1.63 million31.4 t · 0.08%
Show all 47
  1. NorwayUS$ 1.19 million65.5 t · 0.06%
  2. IsraelUS$ 1.09 million27.9 t · 0.05%
  3. TurkeyUS$ 923,52216.7 t · 0.04%
  4. SingaporeUS$ 489,78411 t · 0.02%
  5. MalaysiaUS$ 420,5072.35 t · 0.02%
  6. PhilippinesUS$ 380,05814.9 t · 0.02%
  7. TunisiaUS$ 342,5253.59 t · 0.02%
  8. EgyptUS$ 247,5777.02 t · 0.01%
  9. CanadaUS$ 206,4242.5 t · 0.0099%
  10. New ZealandUS$ 150,4440.33 t · 0.0072%
  11. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 145,1685.22 t · 0.007%
  12. MexicoUS$ 96,7851 t · 0.0046%
  13. IndonesiaUS$ 44,6610.09 t · 0.0021%
  14. MauritiusUS$ 36,8490.92 t · 0.0018%
  15. AustraliaUS$ 29,4340.57 t · 0.0014%
  16. IndiaUS$ 28,1160.3 t · 0.0014%
  17. AndorraUS$ 23,5580.46 t · 0.0011%
  18. South AfricaUS$ 22,9840.27 t · 0.0011%
  19. IcelandUS$ 18,2430.02 t · 0.00088%
  20. ThailandUS$ 14,2480.17 t · 0.00068%
  21. BrazilUS$ 7,9450.13 t · 0.00038%
  22. RussiaUS$ 5,7540.01 t · 0.00028%
  23. UkraineUS$ 2,5710.02 t · 0.00012%
  24. SenegalUS$ 2,5380.12 t · 0.00012%
  25. LaosUS$ 1,3800.008 t · 0.000066%
  26. Ivory CoastUS$ 7780.25 t · 0.000037%
  27. VenezuelaUS$ 7740.009 t · 0.000037%
  28. SudanUS$ 5900.000028%
  29. French PolynesiaUS$ 2050.00001%
  30. MaliUS$ 2020.00001%
  31. PakistanUS$ 1880.003 t · 0.000009%
  32. UruguayUS$ 1400.000007%
  33. NicaraguaUS$ 1210.000006%
  34. JordanUS$ 730.000004%
  35. LiechtensteinUS$ 400.000002%
  36. PanamaUS$ 160.001 t · 0.000001%
  37. MadagascarUS$ 10.002 t · 0%

Source: Eurostat

Who supplies Germany

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. ChinaUS$ 10,882 million521,821 t · 94.2%
  2. United StatesUS$ 196 million5,821 t · 1.7%
  3. JapanUS$ 109 million1,996 t · 0.95%
  4. South KoreaUS$ 72.2 million2,244 t · 0.63%
  5. MalaysiaUS$ 68.8 million771 t · 0.6%
  6. SwitzerlandUS$ 59.7 million703 t · 0.52%
  7. VietnamUS$ 31.1 million1,215 t · 0.27%
  8. SingaporeUS$ 22.1 million1,537 t · 0.19%
  9. TaiwanUS$ 20.9 million199 t · 0.18%
  10. United KingdomUS$ 16.2 million495 t · 0.14%
Show all 51
  1. PhilippinesUS$ 12.9 million262 t · 0.11%
  2. ColombiaUS$ 10.5 million612 t · 0.09%
  3. MexicoUS$ 9.11 million102 t · 0.08%
  4. Hong KongUS$ 8.21 million205 t · 0.07%
  5. North MacedoniaUS$ 8.11 million122 t · 0.07%
  6. IsraelUS$ 6.55 million146 t · 0.06%
  7. IndonesiaUS$ 5.78 million28.8 t · 0.05%
  8. TurkeyUS$ 3.64 million156 t · 0.03%
  9. NorwayUS$ 3.51 million150 t · 0.03%
  10. IndiaUS$ 759,88329.5 t · 0.0066%
  11. CanadaUS$ 675,70316 t · 0.0059%
  12. MoroccoUS$ 565,17512.2 t · 0.0049%
  13. UruguayUS$ 461,8070.44 t · 0.004%
  14. AndorraUS$ 255,88216.8 t · 0.0022%
  15. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 238,29919.1 t · 0.0021%
  16. South AfricaUS$ 216,8316.24 t · 0.0019%
  17. Costa RicaUS$ 165,1290.78 t · 0.0014%
  18. UkraineUS$ 148,4787.51 t · 0.0013%
  19. ThailandUS$ 106,3097.71 t · 0.00092%
  20. AustraliaUS$ 94,4557.39 t · 0.00082%
  21. KenyaUS$ 86,7090.07 t · 0.00075%
  22. CambodiaUS$ 53,1806.43 t · 0.00046%
  23. BrazilUS$ 40,8430.12 t · 0.00035%
  24. LiechtensteinUS$ 40,0420.37 t · 0.00035%
  25. PanamaUS$ 23,2670.17 t · 0.0002%
  26. LibyaUS$ 11,5420.2 t · 0.0001%
  27. IcelandUS$ 10,7411.03 t · 0.000093%
  28. UzbekistanUS$ 10,4560.04 t · 0.000091%
  29. KuwaitUS$ 10,1261.41 t · 0.000088%
  30. PeruUS$ 9,1670.005 t · 0.000079%
  31. MontenegroUS$ 7,6550.005 t · 0.000066%
  32. PakistanUS$ 7,2270.04 t · 0.000063%
  33. IraqUS$ 6,6710.54 t · 0.000058%
  34. BahrainUS$ 5,9310.19 t · 0.000051%
  35. MoldovaUS$ 4,5080.06 t · 0.000039%
  36. ChileUS$ 1,6690.008 t · 0.000014%
  37. TajikistanUS$ 1,2950.002 t · 0.000011%
  38. KazakhstanUS$ 1,1240.01 t · 0.00001%
  39. New ZealandUS$ 1,1180.005 t · 0.00001%
  40. MauritiusUS$ 8040.01 t · 0.000007%
  41. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 530.001 t · 0%

Source: Eurostat

Who supplies Japan

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of its imports

  1. ChinaUS$ 2,398 million94,294,223 kg · 81.3%
  2. South KoreaUS$ 259 million7,158,091 kg · 8.79%
  3. SingaporeUS$ 99.7 million2,208,546 kg · 3.38%
  4. TaiwanUS$ 50.7 million764,035 kg · 1.72%
  5. United StatesUS$ 41.8 million482,945 kg · 1.42%
  6. IndiaUS$ 24.9 million464,680 kg · 0.84%
  7. GermanyUS$ 16.2 million184,372 kg · 0.55%
  8. VietnamUS$ 11.1 million114,180 kg · 0.38%
  9. MalaysiaUS$ 10.8 million129,726 kg · 0.37%
  10. PolandUS$ 9.83 million101,186 kg · 0.33%
Show all 43
  1. United KingdomUS$ 4.5 million54,561 kg · 0.15%
  2. MexicoUS$ 4.16 million6,761 kg · 0.14%
  3. IndonesiaUS$ 2.9 million5,643 kg · 0.1%
  4. FranceUS$ 2.26 million2,968 kg · 0.08%
  5. PhilippinesUS$ 2.07 million26,546 kg · 0.07%
  6. ThailandUS$ 2.03 million23,349 kg · 0.07%
  7. NetherlandsUS$ 1.79 million26,115 kg · 0.06%
  8. ItalyUS$ 1.32 million4,095 kg · 0.04%
  9. SwedenUS$ 1.26 million1,891 kg · 0.04%
  10. Czech RepublicUS$ 1.05 million11,063 kg · 0.04%
  11. DenmarkUS$ 986,8929,872 kg · 0.03%
  12. HungaryUS$ 466,9306,864 kg · 0.02%
  13. SpainUS$ 445,1945,422 kg · 0.02%
  14. FinlandUS$ 435,5395,006 kg · 0.01%
  15. AustriaUS$ 415,3951,396 kg · 0.01%
  16. CanadaUS$ 400,7463,533 kg · 0.01%
  17. CroatiaUS$ 369,870539 kg · 0.01%
  18. RomaniaUS$ 199,0122,000 kg · 0.0067%
  19. IsraelUS$ 189,070367 kg · 0.0064%
  20. SwitzerlandUS$ 130,850456 kg · 0.0044%
  21. LatviaUS$ 119,343156 kg · 0.004%
  22. AustraliaUS$ 109,488228 kg · 0.0037%
  23. TurkeyUS$ 80,1771,166 kg · 0.0027%
  24. SlovakiaUS$ 47,9912,170 kg · 0.0016%
  25. NorwayUS$ 35,609234 kg · 0.0012%
  26. Hong KongUS$ 25,04578 kg · 0.00085%
  27. IrelandUS$ 21,007136 kg · 0.00071%
  28. LithuaniaUS$ 11,79434 kg · 0.0004%
  29. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 5,770120 kg · 0.0002%
  30. South AfricaUS$ 3,9317 kg · 0.00013%
  31. BangladeshUS$ 2,46014 kg · 0.000083%
  32. TongaUS$ 2,4542 kg · 0.000083%
  33. North MacedoniaUS$ 1,3440 kg · 0.000046%

Source: Ministry of Finance Japan / e-Stat

Who buys from the EU (27)

Not on file.

Who buys from Canada

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of the buyer's imports

  1. United StatesUS$ 504 million6,554,899 units
  2. ChinaUS$ 10.1 million8,227,511 units
  3. MexicoUS$ 7.41 million12,909 units
  4. SpainUS$ 2.9 million20,097 units
  5. UkraineUS$ 2.24 million312 units
  6. United KingdomUS$ 2.19 million48,533 units
  7. FinlandUS$ 1.72 million244 units
  8. PanamaUS$ 693,781396 units
  9. PolandUS$ 482,783150,928 units
  10. SwedenUS$ 474,40797 units
Show all 99
  1. IndiaUS$ 445,961624,557 units
  2. Hong KongUS$ 301,35310,936 units
  3. AustriaUS$ 297,2361,214 units
  4. NorwayUS$ 287,42597 units
  5. UruguayUS$ 286,155600 units
  6. SingaporeUS$ 248,759237 units
  7. AustraliaUS$ 245,9531,931 units
  8. South KoreaUS$ 215,1161,836 units
  9. DR CongoUS$ 211,87348 units
  10. NetherlandsUS$ 193,8451,997 units
  11. Turks and Caicos IslandsUS$ 128,355293 units
  12. BrazilUS$ 110,102385 units
  13. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 107,127435 units
  14. CubaUS$ 76,641202 units
  15. MalaysiaUS$ 67,639461 units
  16. SomaliaUS$ 66,88594 units
  17. HungaryUS$ 46,2794,412 units
  18. TurkeyUS$ 42,3057,509 units
  19. ItalyUS$ 39,8951,551 units
  20. IsraelUS$ 37,63313,794 units
  21. RomaniaUS$ 32,36847 units
  22. Czech RepublicUS$ 31,141168 units
  23. Saint Kitts and NevisUS$ 25,70411 units
  24. QatarUS$ 24,48937 units
  25. IrelandUS$ 24,046375 units
  26. ChileUS$ 23,98634 units
  27. CameroonUS$ 22,76715 units
  28. BelgiumUS$ 22,48017 units
  29. SwitzerlandUS$ 19,43141 units
  30. TaiwanUS$ 18,31540 units
  31. GuatemalaUS$ 18,065165 units
  32. SloveniaUS$ 17,31412 units
  33. Dominican RepublicUS$ 17,21362 units
  34. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 15,55215 units
  35. JamaicaUS$ 14,40617 units
  36. PeruUS$ 13,47064 units
  37. IraqUS$ 12,66751 units
  38. UgandaUS$ 12,52214 units
  39. EcuadorUS$ 12,1488 units
  40. AlgeriaUS$ 11,452463 units
  41. BarbadosUS$ 10,447153 units
  42. KazakhstanUS$ 9,172206 units
  43. BangladeshUS$ 8,839208 units
  44. South SudanUS$ 8,75321 units
  45. KenyaUS$ 8,6923 units
  46. LebanonUS$ 7,80612 units
  47. VenezuelaUS$ 6,30178 units
  48. South AfricaUS$ 6,01217 units
  49. IcelandUS$ 5,5558 units
  50. New ZealandUS$ 5,25712 units
  51. VietnamUS$ 5,19117 units
  52. ColombiaUS$ 5,17613 units
  53. DenmarkUS$ 4,4258 units
  54. Sint MaartenUS$ 4,16910 units
  55. GuyanaUS$ 4,0593 units
  56. CyprusUS$ 3,39946 units
  57. Ivory CoastUS$ 3,2569 units
  58. PortugalUS$ 3,09810 units
  59. US Minor Outlying IslandsUS$ 2,796128 units
  60. Trinidad and TobagoUS$ 2,60371 units
  61. El SalvadorUS$ 2,498120 units
  62. EstoniaUS$ 2,38255 units
  63. BurmaUS$ 2,19820 units
  64. GabonUS$ 1,9973 units
  65. Saint LuciaUS$ 1,99681 units
  66. IndonesiaUS$ 1,9804 units
  67. GreeceUS$ 1,70822 units
  68. UzbekistanUS$ 1,65632 units
  69. PhilippinesUS$ 1,4311 units
  70. CroatiaUS$ 1,4242 units
  71. ThailandUS$ 1,1631 units
  72. BahrainUS$ 1,10017 units
  73. EgyptUS$ 1,0731 units
  74. OmanUS$ 1,0401 units
  75. MoroccoUS$ 9863 units
  76. Costa RicaUS$ 79736 units
  77. Antigua and BarbudaUS$ 79223 units
  78. American SamoaUS$ 6016 units
  79. SenegalUS$ 5012 units
  80. GrenadaUS$ 49320 units
  81. BulgariaUS$ 3971 units
  82. NigeriaUS$ 3851 units
  83. SerbiaUS$ 3841 units
  84. KuwaitUS$ 24310 units
  85. Cayman IslandsUS$ 1662 units
  86. BahamasUS$ 1651 units
  87. BermudaUS$ 1642 units
  88. DominicaUS$ 1506 units
  89. AnguillaUS$ 864 units

Source: Statistics Canada

Who buys from France

Not on file.

Who buys from Germany

Not on file.

Who buys from Japan

2025 · value in US dollars; volume where on file, in its own unit · share of the buyer's imports

  1. United StatesUS$ 1,778 million38,768,293 kg
  2. MexicoUS$ 360 million5,825,750 kg
  3. TurkeyUS$ 195 million4,046,103 kg
  4. Czech RepublicUS$ 137 million3,313,397 kg
  5. ThailandUS$ 119 million2,670,010 kg
  6. ChinaUS$ 97.5 million2,692,061 kg
  7. United KingdomUS$ 93.5 million2,139,416 kg
  8. NetherlandsUS$ 80.7 million1,761,508 kg
  9. Hong KongUS$ 64.2 million1,333,733 kg
  10. TaiwanUS$ 61.6 million1,621,207 kg
Show all 101
  1. HungaryUS$ 49.5 million1,661,794 kg
  2. IndiaUS$ 46.3 million714,930 kg
  3. AustraliaUS$ 30.1 million399,945 kg
  4. IrelandUS$ 27.5 million486,974 kg
  5. SingaporeUS$ 26.7 million552,945 kg
  6. IndonesiaUS$ 23.9 million504,633 kg
  7. MalaysiaUS$ 13.8 million344,367 kg
  8. BrazilUS$ 8.97 million197,031 kg
  9. South KoreaUS$ 8.53 million383,883 kg
  10. BelgiumUS$ 6.31 million135,048 kg
  11. SpainUS$ 5.81 million88,558 kg
  12. South AfricaUS$ 5.56 million99,613 kg
  13. SwitzerlandUS$ 3.57 million96,071 kg
  14. ItalyUS$ 3.48 million17,445 kg
  15. VietnamUS$ 2.04 million11,070 kg
  16. PhilippinesUS$ 1.66 million71,177 kg
  17. FinlandUS$ 1.53 million22,350 kg
  18. CambodiaUS$ 1.44 million11,133 kg
  19. SwedenUS$ 1.14 million13,566 kg
  20. United Arab EmiratesUS$ 845,37113,340 kg
  21. Sri LankaUS$ 778,81382,919 kg
  22. BurmaUS$ 753,0738,596 kg
  23. DenmarkUS$ 727,76611,311 kg
  24. Saudi ArabiaUS$ 719,01510,445 kg
  25. PolandUS$ 524,1348,053 kg
  26. SlovakiaUS$ 486,56611,863 kg
  27. IsraelUS$ 478,31617,698 kg
  28. SloveniaUS$ 354,1855,106 kg
  29. New ZealandUS$ 331,7948,343 kg
  30. PortugalUS$ 256,7923,190 kg
  31. MoroccoUS$ 239,622851 kg
  32. PakistanUS$ 238,97411,234 kg
  33. GreeceUS$ 234,2003,195 kg
  34. MongoliaUS$ 165,06139,583 kg
  35. ColombiaUS$ 151,9971,285 kg
  36. RomaniaUS$ 134,3201,939 kg
  37. NorwayUS$ 123,7891,987 kg
  38. OmanUS$ 122,472767 kg
  39. BulgariaUS$ 114,155155 kg
  40. KazakhstanUS$ 85,700747 kg
  41. ChileUS$ 81,3071,803 kg
  42. ArgentinaUS$ 77,603359 kg
  43. AustriaUS$ 76,333269 kg
  44. PanamaUS$ 74,454425 kg
  45. Trinidad and TobagoUS$ 57,8732,385 kg
  46. Marshall IslandsUS$ 56,98480 kg
  47. JordanUS$ 46,0933,369 kg
  48. QatarUS$ 38,12393 kg
  49. AlgeriaUS$ 37,95689 kg
  50. Costa RicaUS$ 27,586150 kg
  51. BangladeshUS$ 27,365768 kg
  52. EcuadorUS$ 25,299306 kg
  53. EstoniaUS$ 25,132463 kg
  54. PeruUS$ 22,96656 kg
  55. EgyptUS$ 22,52557 kg
  56. IranUS$ 19,69752 kg
  57. MauritiusUS$ 15,1301,003 kg
  58. ParaguayUS$ 10,082156 kg
  59. GuatemalaUS$ 10,02929 kg
  60. TunisiaUS$ 9,22764 kg
  61. Palestinian territoriesUS$ 8,27728 kg
  62. GuamUS$ 6,52510 kg
  63. KenyaUS$ 6,27126 kg
  64. LibyaUS$ 6,05712 kg
  65. TogoUS$ 5,91057 kg
  66. LiberiaUS$ 5,77099 kg
  67. BermudaUS$ 5,690138 kg
  68. KyrgyzstanUS$ 5,35568 kg
  69. MaltaUS$ 5,08119 kg
  70. TurkmenistanUS$ 4,79414 kg
  71. BarbadosUS$ 4,366147 kg
  72. French PolynesiaUS$ 4,17966 kg
  73. El SalvadorUS$ 3,7317 kg
  74. KuwaitUS$ 3,66460 kg
  75. HondurasUS$ 3,4908 kg
  76. SenegalUS$ 3,4703 kg
  77. UgandaUS$ 3,310186 kg
  78. GeorgiaUS$ 2,9481,960 kg
  79. BahamasUS$ 2,8889 kg
  80. IraqUS$ 2,84810 kg
  81. LebanonUS$ 2,4808 kg
  82. Puerto RicoUS$ 2,26060 kg
  83. FijiUS$ 2,18073 kg
  84. GuyanaUS$ 2,1391,200 kg
  85. CubaUS$ 1,885105 kg
  86. MaldivesUS$ 1,7783 kg
  87. BoliviaUS$ 1,7724 kg
  88. BahrainUS$ 1,7451 kg
  89. PalauUS$ 1,60515 kg
  90. Dominican RepublicUS$ 1,57825 kg
  91. Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesUS$ 1,5111 kg

Source: Ministry of Finance Japan / e-Stat

Download CSV

The CSV holds every trade row on file, one row per flow, each with its own unit.

SourceEurostat (CC BY 4.0; commercial reuse allowed with source credit.); Statistics Canada (Statistics Canada Open Licence: commercial and non-commercial use with credit.); Ministry of Finance Japan / e-Stat (Government of Japan Standard Terms of Use 2.0, compatible with CC BY 4.0.).Reading this plateEach list is one customs office's own figures for the latest period on file, largest value first. The EU (27) row and its members' rows are separate lists, never added.
Exhibit S-6 · Electric cars and batteries · strature.net
Batteries and cars

Who holds each stage

  1. Mining by input, below
  2. Lithium mining highly concentratedAustralia 31.7%Source [2]
  3. Cobalt mining highly concentratedDR Congo 73%Source [3]
  4. Nickel mining highly concentratedIndonesia 66.7%Source [4]
  5. Graphite mining highly concentratedChina 82%Source [5]
  6. Manganese mining highly concentratedSouth Africa 38%Source [6]
  7. Refining by input, below
  8. Lithium refining highly concentratedChina almost 65%Source [7]
  9. Cobalt refining highly concentratedChina about 75%Source [7]
  10. Nickel processingChina and Indonesia together over 60%Source [7]
  11. Graphite processing highly concentratedChina over 90%Source [7]
  12. Manganese refining highly concentratedChina 95%Source [1]
  13. Precursors highly concentratedChina at least 95%Source [8]
  14. Cathode material highly concentratedChina about 85%Source [9]
  15. Anode material highly concentratedChina over 90%Source [9]
  16. Battery cells highly concentratedChina over 80%Source [9]
  17. Battery packsno figure on file
  18. Rare-earth separation highly concentratedChina about 91%Source [8]
  19. Motor magnets highly concentratedChina 94%Source [10]
  20. Electric motorsno figure on file
  21. Electric cars highly concentratedChina 70%Source [9]
  22. All vehiclesChina 35.8%Source [11]

Shares as published, each with its own measure and period (value added, capacity, output or the supplier’s home country); never added across stages. Concentration words are the bands the pack gives.

Inputs that cross borders

  • sulphur Indonesia: 74%Source [12] of its imports from Gulf exporters (2025)
  • sulphur Copperbelt (DR Congo and Zambia): 90%Source [13] of its imports from Gulf exporters (2025-2026)
  • aluminium Germany: 28.85%Source [14] of its imports from United Arab Emirates (2025)
  • aluminium Japan: 19.34%Source [15] of its imports from United Arab Emirates (2025)

Each share is the supplier’s share of the buyer’s imports, as published; their straits are in the Value chains view.

Who supplies the finished goods

  • electric cars EU (27): almost 60%Source [9] of its imports from China (2025)
  • LFP batteries (as cells, packs or in cars) EU (27): nearly allSource [16] of its imports from China (2025)
  • graphite anode material United States: 55%Source [5] of its imports from China (Jan-Aug 2025)
  • graphite anode material United States: 31%Source [5] of its imports from Indonesia (Jan-Aug 2025)
  • graphite anode material United States: 14%Source [5] of its imports from South Korea (Jan-Aug 2025)

Forecasts in our register

Our register asks no question about this good alone. The forecast register

Full analyst view

Every stage, every country on file

  1. Mining by input, below
  2. Lithium mining highly concentratedAustralia 31.7%Source [2] · China 21.4%Source [2] · Chile 19.3%Source [2] · Zimbabwe 9.7%Source [2] · Argentina 7.9%Source [2] · Brazil 4.1%Source [2] · Mali 3.2%Source [2] · Canada 1.9%Source [2]
  3. Cobalt mining highly concentratedDR Congo 73%Source [3] · Indonesia 14.2%Source [3] · Russia 2.5%Source [3] · Philippines 1.2%Source [3] · Australia 1.2%Source [3]
  4. Nickel mining highly concentratedIndonesia 66.7%Source [4] · Philippines 6.9%Source [4] · Russia 5.1%Source [4] · New Caledonia 3.6%Source [4] · Canada 3.6%Source [4] · China 3.1%Source [4] · Brazil 1.8%Source [4] · Australia 1.2%Source [4]
  5. Graphite mining highly concentratedChina 82%Source [5] · Madagascar 4.4%Source [5] · Tanzania 4.2%Source [5] · Brazil 3.6%Source [5] · Mozambique 3.3%Source [5]
  6. Manganese mining highly concentratedSouth Africa 38%Source [6] · Gabon 25%Source [6] · Ghana 10%Source [6] · Australia 8%Source [6] · India 4%Source [6] · Brazil 4%Source [6] · China 3.5%Source [6]
  7. Refining by input, below
  8. Lithium refining highly concentratedChina almost 65%Source [7] · Chile about 25%Source [7]
  9. Cobalt refining highly concentratedChina about 75%Source [7]
  10. Nickel processingChina and Indonesia together over 60%Source [7]
  11. Graphite processing highly concentratedChina over 90%Source [7]
  12. Manganese refining highly concentratedChina 95%Source [1]
  13. Precursors highly concentratedChina at least 95%Source [8]
  14. Cathode material highly concentratedChina about 85%Source [9]
  15. Anode material highly concentratedChina over 90%Source [9]
  16. Battery cells highly concentratedChina over 80%Source [9]
  17. Battery packsno figure on file
  18. Rare-earth separation highly concentratedChina about 91%Source [8]
  19. Motor magnets highly concentratedChina 94%Source [10]
  20. Electric motorsno figure on file
  21. Electric cars highly concentratedChina 70%Source [9]
  22. All vehiclesChina 35.8%Source [11] · United States 10.6%Source [11] · Japan 8.7%Source [11]

Shares as published, each with its own measure and period (value added, capacity, output or the supplier’s home country); never added across stages. Concentration words are the bands the pack gives.

Supplier concentration

Concentration by stage
StageHHI (0 to 1)Band
Lithium mining0.20Source [2]highly concentrated
Cobalt mining0.58Source [3]highly concentrated
Nickel mining0.46Source [4]highly concentrated
Graphite mining0.62Source [5]highly concentrated
Manganese mining0.23Source [6]highly concentrated
Lithium refining0.48–0.49Source [17]highly concentrated
Cobalt refining0.56–0.62Source [17]highly concentrated
Graphite processing0.81–0.82Source [17]highly concentrated
Manganese refining0.90–0.91Source [18]highly concentrated
Precursors0.90–0.91Source [19]highly concentrated
Cathode material0.72–0.74Source [19]highly concentrated
Anode material0.81–0.82Source [19]highly concentrated
Battery cells0.64Source [20]highly concentrated
Rare-earth separation0.83–0.84Source [18]highly concentrated
Motor magnets0.88–0.89Source [19]highly concentrated
Electric cars0.49–0.58Source [19]highly concentrated

The pack’s index on 0 to 10,000, shown on 0 to 1 (divided by 10,000); bands as the pack gives them.

Briefs

No brief on this good alone yet. The library

Method

Every figure on this page carries its source, its year and a link; figures from 2023 or older carry an amber mark. Each stage is measured as its source measures it (value added, capacity, output or the home country of the supplier), so stages are never added or compared as one measure. The concentration index and its band are the value-chains pack’s, from the cited shares.

Sources and licences

  1. [1] IEA, 2024
  2. [2] USGS, 2025
  3. [3] USGS, 2025
  4. [4] USGS, 2025
  5. [5] USGS, 2025
  6. [6] USGS, 2025
  7. [7] IEA, 2023 2023 or older
  8. [8] IEA, 2024
  9. [9] IEA, 2025
  10. [10] IEA, 2025
  11. [11] Strature calculation from OICA figures (oica.net), 2025
  12. [12] Argus, 2025
  13. [13] Argus, 2026
  14. [14] Eurostat Comext, 2025
  15. [15] Japan MOF trade statistics, edited by Strature, 2025
  16. [16] IEA, 2025
  17. [17] Strature calculation, 2023 2023 or older
  18. [18] Strature calculation, 2024
  19. [19] Strature calculation, 2025
  20. [20] Strature calculation, 2025

Cite this page Strature, “Electric cars and batteries”, Strature GPS, https://strature.net/gps/goods/electric-cars-batteries/, 31 Oct 2026.

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